The four great inventions refer to the compass Cheap Matt Barnes Jersey , gunpowder, printing techniques and also papermaking. The statement was first put forward by British sinologist Dr Joseph Needham (1900-1995), which was later widely accepted by Chinese historians. Ancient China's four great inventions extremely promoted the development of China's economy, politics and culture, which were introduced to the Western states through various channels and had a substantial impact on world civilization.

Papermaking

The earliest form of Chinese characters were inscriptions on oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty, followed by inscriptions on ancient bronze objects, and it was not until the Spring and Autumn Dynasty that the Chinese characters were carved onto bamboo slips strung up by hemp cords.

The Chinese characters were written on silk fabrics during the Qin and the Han dynasties, and it was not until Cai Lun's (61-121) improved papermaking method in the Eastern Han Dynasty that paper was widely used throughout early China. Papermaking was a great occasion in the history of human civilization, also it had been introduced into European nations 1,000 years later.

Gunpowder

Gunpowder, a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter and charcoal, was invented by ancient Chinese alchemists during the method of alchemy and the Tang dynasties, plus this is a very volatile explosive. The primeval fire arrow resembles the rocket tube in shape that is present, and was widely found in battles on water.
The gunpowder was enormously applied through the Tang and Song dynasties in the wars; it was introduced to the Arabian states to the European countries and then from the Mongolians.

Compass

The legend went that Huangdi (the celebrated forebear of the Chinese nation) conquered the Chiyou tribe with the aid of a southward-pointing cart, a type of mechanical device for showing directions. To the basis of the southward-pointing handcart, a compass was invented by the Chinese people and later employed it to wars and sea explorations.

Great progress was made in compass-making in the Song Dynasty, when it greatly stimulated the development of the shipping industry. Later, the Arabians and Persians learned to make compasses from the primeval Chinese and introduced them to the European nations.

Printing Techniques

Prior to the development of a printing technique, scholars transcribed books. Although a rubbing technique plus a block printing technique came forth in the Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty, it was still time consuming to print a book.

Bi Sheng (970 1051) first invented movable type printing in the Song Dynasty, greatly encouraging the growth of the printing technique, for which he was praised as the dad of typography.

The printing technique that is Chinese is a vanguard of human culture, which the Arabians introduced to the European states, also it creates favorable conditions for knowledge dissemination on the planet. "
BEIJING, Jan. 8 (Xinhua) -- China said Monday that it expected that Japan could meet it ""half-way"" to improve bilateral ties this year.

Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang made the remarks at a daily press briefing, when commenting on reports that Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe recently said that he wanted 2018 to be the year which people in Japan and China saw a ""great improvement"" in bilateral relations.

Lu said that China has noted the positive remarks and hoped Japan would act upon the four political documents and four-point principled consensus between China and Japan, and seize the opportunity of the 40th anniversary of the signing of the China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, to create favorable conditions for bilateral exhange and cooperation.

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BEIJING, Jan. 7 (Xinhua) -- China on Sunday unveiled a guideline to push for safe development of cities, as some major accidents in cities caused great casualties and property loss in recent years.

The country must uphold the vision of making development people-centered and never seek development at the cost of safety, according to the guideline made public by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council.

By 2020, China aims to achieve ""noticeable progress"" in safe urban development, and create a number of demonstration cities in line with the objectives for becoming a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the guideline said.

By 2035, the country should put in place an improved system for safe urban development and create safe cities that are in line with the requirements for basically realizing socialist modernization, it added.

With the acceleration of China's urbanization, the population, functions and sizes of Chinese cities have been expanding rapidly, but safety hazards are also on the rise as cities become more complicated.

At the end of 2016, the ratio of permanent urban residents to total population stood at 57.35 percent, up from 52.57 percent at the end of 2012, data from the National Bureau of Statistics showed.

The country must raise the capability of ensuring urban safety and prevent major accidents to create a sound environment for people's lives and work, according to the guideline.

The notion of safe development should be reflected in making plans for cities, including those for urban social and economic development and for disaster prevention and relief.

For residential areas, commercial areas, development zones, industrial parks and port areas, safety must be the prerequisite in determining their spatial layouts, the guideline said.

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